JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 DECEMBER 1987
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JPRS-UEA-87-037 CONTENTS 29 DECEMBER 1987
NATIONAL ECONOMY
MODELING, ECONOMETRICS, COMPUTERIZATION
Modeling of Interbranch Complex Formation Methodology Proposed
[Yu Krivov: VESTNIK STATISTIKI. No 9, Sep 87] . 1
AGRICULTURE
AGRO-ECONOMICS, POLICY, ORGANIZATION
Family, Private Plot Contract Application Proposed
[EKONOMIKA SELSKOGO KHOZYA YSTVA No 8, Aug 87] . 9
TRANSPORTATION
CIVIL AVIATION
Discussion, Diagrams of Wide-Body 11-96-300
[A. Shakhnovich; KRYLYA RODINY, No 7, Jul 87] . 13
RAIL SYSTEMS
Rail System Semi-Annual Plan Fulfillment . 18
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
NATIONAL ECONOMY
1
MODELING, ECONOMETRICS,
COMPUTERIZATION
Modeling of Interbranch Complex Formation
Methodology Proposed
18200007 Moscow VESTNIK STATISTIKI in Russian
No 9, Sep 87 pp 24^33
[Article by Yu. Krivov: “Aspect of Using the Input-
Output Balance as the Basis for Studying Formation of
Complexes”]
[Text] Under present conditions increasing the degree of
intensification of the economy depends to a considerable
extent on optimum decisions in the realm of structural
policy, decisions aimed at attaining the highest end
results from the standpoint of the national economy.
Effectiveness in implementing those decisions is largely
determined by the factor related to the compatibility and
balance of sectoral production structures. Economists
have accordingly been more interested in recent years in
problems of analyzing the structure of intersector com¬
plexes. The transition to target-program methods of
planning has posed for planning agencies many problems
of a methodological nature whose solution is crucial to
the economic results from the functioning of the partic¬
ular intersector systems.
In the context of the growing scale of social production,
its ever deeper specialization, and the development of
intersector production relations on that basis, the forma¬
tion of intersector complexes is a natural economic
process. At the present time this process is being rein¬
forced by corresponding organizational structures. For
instance, USSR Gosagroprom embraces more of the
agroindustrial complex; USSR Gosstroy embraces a siz¬
able portion of the construction complex, within the
USSR Council of Ministers bureaus have been created
for machinebuilding, for the fuel and energy complex,
and for social development. The new intersector man¬
agement components have been created as a rule on the
basis of existing organizational structures. At the same
time the process whereby intersector relations in the
national economy become deeper and more complicated
is continuous in nature, and it requires a thorou^ study
using nontraditional methodological approaches and the
up-to-date methods of mathematical economics. The
present article contains the author’s recommendations
on the use of retrospective intersector balances in ana¬
lyzing the composition and boundaries of intersector
complexes.
The process of the formation of the complexes and the
structure of basic intra- and intercomplex relations can
be represented in the form of a block diagram. On that
diagram physical production is broken up into its three
basic stages. In the first stage all production is directly
related to the development and exploitation of natural
resources, the initial raw material and supplies are
extracted or produced, and there are practically no
intersector relations. But each of the sectors given sepa¬
rately on the diagram represents a nucleus around which
national economic complexes are formed in the next
stage of production. That is why it is quite allowable to
refer to the sectors in the first stage as the “nuclei of the
complexes.”
In the second stage of production the initial raw material
is turned into intermediate products. It is here that the
process of the formation of complexes and development
of intra- and intercomplex relations takes place. In this
stage six groups of sectors are brought together on the
principle of the “nucleus of the complex,” In addition,
four groups of sectors can be unified in a single macro¬
complex “Secondary and Structural Materials” on the
basis of the degree of finishing of their products and the
direction of their subsequent use. Among the peculiar
features of this stage of production we should single out
the high level of intensification of intercomplex relations
of the fuel-and-energy complex and chemical complex
and the relative separateness of the four other intersector
formations.
The third stage is represented by two macrocomplexes
producing a finished product: the investment complex
and the consumer goods complex. In these stages the
relation between the original raw material and the end
product produced from it is lost for many sectors. There
is an exception in the product of the construction com¬
plex and agroindustrial complex, in whose production
cycle the connection between the initial raw material and
the finished products for consumption is rather obvious.
To some extent this relation can also be traced for
certain other sectors.
But it is preferable, in our opinion, for the sectors in the
third stage of production to be divided according to the
basic final needs of the national economy. One of the
possible versions for the detailed breakdown of use of the
end product by purposes is represented in the fourth
stage on the diagram. Since each of these purposes
expresses a certain need that serves as the purpose for the
functioning of the economy and the group of sectors
satisfying that need (the sectors directly related to that
purpose) along with sectors supplying them with means
of production, comprises a purposive national economic
complex.
Thus the initial points of departure in studying the
processes whereby complexes are formed may either be
the sectors producing the initial raw material (the “nu¬
clei of the complexes”) or the specialized orientation of
the use of the end product (“objectives of the complex¬
es”). It makes sense on this basis to single out two basic
principles for breaking down the national economy into
intersector complexes: the principle of the “nucleus of
the complex” and the principle of the “purpose of the
complex.”
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
2
NATIONAL ECONOMY
Key:
I . Primary raw material and supplies 2. Nonmineral raw materials for building materials 3. Mining ans chemical
raw materials 4. Metallic ores 5. Timbering 6. Primary energy carriers 7. Agricultural raw materials
8. Procurementsw 9, Freight transportation and communications 10. Material and technical supply and sales
I I . Secondary and structural material 1 2. Secondary energy carriers 1 3. Primary processing of agricultural raw
materials 1 4. Building materials complex (KS) 1 5. Chemical complexes (KhK) 1 6. Metallurgical complex (MK)
1 7. Wood productss complex (LPK) 1 8. Fuel and energy complex (PEK) 1 9. Agroindustrial goods and services for
the public 22. Capital construction (SK) 23. Machine building 24. Furniture 25, Durable consumer goods,
housewares, and household chemical products 26. Finished products from agricultural raw materials (APK)
27. Trade and the food service industry 28. Imports 29. For Department I 30. For Department II 31. For
nonproduction purposes 32. Administration, defense 33. Science and specialized education 34. Free 35. Paid
36. Durable consumer goods 37. Housewares, sporting goods, and household chemical products 38. Clothing,
footwear 39. Food 40. Exmports 4 1 . For production purposes 42. Services for the public 43. Accumulation
and replenshment of stocks 44. Social consumption
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
3
NATIONAL ECONOMY
Selection of the point of departure depends entirely
on the purposes of the study. (See graphic on page 2.)
The principle of the “nucleus” in the formation of
complexes is widely used: specifically in analyzing the
adequacy of supply of the national economy with
scarce raw materials, the influence of the variation in
the volume of its production on performance of
particular final objectives of economic developments,
discovery of the principal directions for conservation
of that raw material, efficiency of application of
progressive technology for conserving that resource
by its principal consumers, and so on. The principle
of the “objective” in the formation of complexes
makes it possible to identify sectors that are taking
direct part in satisfying particular final needs of the
national economy, their role in attaining the general
purpose of production, the economic relations among
partners in the complex, and a number of other
matters. It is obvious that in its economic nature the
principle of “objective” corresponds more to those
tasks of economic policy which the party is setting for
the country’s national economy in the present stage.
In the study of the processes of formation of com¬
plexes one of the central questions is that of methods
of evaluating their performance. Most economists
believe that the indicator of the complex’s end prod¬
uct must be used as the principal criterion in evalu¬
ating the results of production. But the composition
of this indicator is not always treated the same way by
any means. In our opinion, two methods of comput¬
ing the final product of the complex correspond to the
two principles of formation of complexes. When the
principle of the “nucleus” is used, it is advisable to
use the indicator of the end product that is calculated
by the sectoral method, i.e., as the value of the output
of the complex minus material costs within the com¬
plex. The end product calculated by the national
economic method, i.e., as the value of the output of
the complex which falls outside the limits of current
consumption in production, best corresponds to the
principle of the “objective.”
The end product of any complex of the national
economy consists of two parts which differ in their
economic content — the portion which goes to serve
the objective and the portion which goes for repro¬
duction. The first of them characterizes the level of
satisfaction of the need of the national economy for
the product of the complex, while the second supple¬
ments this description with the conditions for
expanded reproduction of the sectors in the complex.
A line of demarcation needs to be drawn between
these two parts of the end product of the complexes
because the question of the functional efficiency of a
particular complex can be settled only on the basis of
computation of the end product expressing its payoff
function. Determination of efficiency on the basis of
both components of the complex’s end product can
seriously distort the results, since the volume of the
end product may increase thanks to an accumulation
of resources and subjects of labor for the branches of
the complex, while the production of its products
destined for satisfying its particular needs of the
national economy has been stable or has dropped off.
In economic practice there have been quite a few such
trends in development of intersector complexes.
The existence of the two points of departure in studying
the processes of formation of complexes makes it neces¬
sary to work out specific methods of breaking down the
national economy into intersector complexes.
The method based on selecting from the block of
sectors in the first stage of production the sectors of
the “nucleus of the complex” and on using some
algorithm to identify those processing or manufactur¬
ing sectors in the second stage of production that are
most closely related to this “nucleus” as well as its
role in furnishing physical resources to the intersector
complexes in the third stage of production corre¬
sponds to the principle of the “nucleus of the com¬
plex.”
This method is being used effectively at the present
time by most researchers. The research is conducted
as a rule on the basis of an intersector balance. The
coefficients of the intersector distribution of products
are used as the criterion of the connection:
hjj - Xij/Xj,
in which Xjj — volume of delivery of the product of the
i-th sector-supplier to the j-th sector-consumer;
Xj — total volume of production of the product of the i-th
sector-supplier.
The process of finding the most essential connections
with this method of investigation is iterative in
nature.(l)
In our opinion, it is preferable to use coefficients of
full material costs for these purposes. First of all, they
embrace the entire system of direct and indirect
intersector relations; second, they are more stable in
dynamic terms than the intersector flows and the
coefficients of direct inputs and distribution; third,
they express the direct relation between the volume of
production and the end results for the national econ¬
omy. But even the coefficients of full costs are essen¬
tially differentiated by sectors and by regions within a
single sector, and they are also subject to fluctuations
from year to year under the impact of various factors.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
The following relationships, which we call coefYicients
of intersector compatibility (kompleksirovaniye) (Kj)
are more stable and comparable from the dynamic,
intersector, and regional viewpoints:(2)
Kj = bij/Zbij : bjj/Zbij » bij/bjj
% = bij/Zbij : bii/Zbij = bij/bii*
in which b^ — nondiagonal coefficients of full material
costs of the i-th sector in production of the end product
of the j-th sector;
bjj and b,, — diagonal coefficients of full material costs
within the sector to produce the end product of the j-th
and i-th sectors, respectively.
On the basis of the formulas given, the first indicator is
obtained by dividing the elements of the column of the
matrix of coefficients of full costs by the diagonal ele¬
ment of that column, and the second is obtained by
dividing the elements of the row of the same matrix by
the diagonal element of that row. Both indicators reflect
the relation between the unit of the end product, i.e., the
higher Kj or Kj, the more substantial is the contribution
4 NATIONAL ECONOMY
of the sector-supplier. Here Kj corresponds to the phys¬
ical aspect and Kj the value aspect of relations between
the suppliers and consumers of the product.
An analysis of the process of formation of complexes
begins with the “nucleus of the complex” and is iterative
in nature. In the first stage those sectors are selected
which are the largest consumers of the product of the
primary processing of the “nucleus,” and so on.
It is also advisable to apply these coefficients in analyz¬
ing the regional specialization of national economic
complexes. It is a peculiarity of regional intersector
complexes that a given region may enter into exchange
with other regions of the country not only the initial raw
material and intermediate products, but also the end
products of a particular complex. The magnitude of the
coefficients of intersector compatibility in various stages
of production varies substantially as a function of this
aspect. That is why interregional comparison of the
coefficients may give a sufficiently complete idea about
the specialization of a complex in a regional breakdown.
This is confirmed by the figures in Table 1, where the
relation between the full costs of the product of cropping
in particular processing sectors of industry and the
consumption of the products of cropping within the
sector (Kj) is given for certain regions of the country.
Table 1
Sectors Processing Products of Cropping
1
2
Number of Region
3
4
5
Cotton
0.004
0.828
0.011
0.005
0.696
Winemaking
0.053
0.417
0.389TC0.265
0.152
Fruit and vegetable
0.333
0.724
0.567
0.582
0.455
Milling and rolling
0.774
0.657
0.686
0.453
0.681
The figures in Table I show in particular that the cotton
grown in Regions 2 and 5 goes through primary process¬
ing at cotton gins located in the same region. Moreover,
the level of the coefficient indicates that production in
Region 5 depends to a lesser degree on the value of the
agricultural raw material and is correspondingly more
oriented than Region 2 toward the manufacturing of
finished fabrics. The three other regions obviously do
not have their own cotton ginning industry. At the same
time. Region 1, for example, is the largest producer of
finished cotton fabrics, but their production has practi¬
cally no connection to its agriculture, and the raw
material for the cotton industry of Region 1 is supplied
from other regions of the country. Thus the coefficients
of intersector compatibility reflect the territorial divi¬
sion of labor that has taken place in the country’s cotton
complex.
An analogous analysis can be made in a regional break¬
down for other sectors as well.
This method fully embraces the movement of physical
product flows. But it does not afford the possibility of
identifying sectors that furnish the intersector complex
its basic production stocks, i.e., the sectors building up
stocks. For these purposes we can use the intersector
balance of fixed capital, in particular, coefficients of the
full capital intensiveness for the particular aspects of
fixed capital. Since full capital intensiveness of the
product is proportional to its full materials intensive¬
ness, this method is based on the previous one and
supplements it. In addition, here we are establishing the
direct relation between the sectors supplying stocks, the
“nucleus of the complex,” and sectors producing end
products from the primary raw material. For the pur¬
poses of such an analysis we select the type of capital that
is the main type for the “nucleus of the complex” (in the
APK, for example, tractors and agricultural machines,
and then we identify sectors that have the highest level of
full capital intensiveness with respect to that type of
fixed capital. Since direct capital intensiveness withre-
spect to the capital of the “nucleus of the complex” in the
processing sectors is not high as a rule, a substantial
magnitude of full capital intensiveness for that type of
NATIONAL ECONOMY
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
Table 2 (in rubles per 1,000 rubles of output)
Full Capital Inlensiveness of Tractors and Agricultural Machines
1972 1977
Branches of Industry 1966
Woolen 49.42
Sugar 72.07
Fruit and vegetable 73.50
Meat 202.70
Dairy 131.80
Milling and rolling 123.90
65.08
81.48
66.04
108.73
75.84
92.90
276.01
323.90
161.38
216.83
152.77
184.48
capital provides the basis for bringing together the cap¬
ital-forming and processing sectors identified to create a
complex bound up with this “nucleus.” To illustrate, we
will give figures on the dynamics of full capital inten¬
siveness for tractors and agricultural machines in certain
branches of industry processing agricultural raw materi¬
als in one of the country’s economic regions (Table 2).
It is evident from the figures given in Table 2 that the full
capital intensiveness of tractors and agricultural machines
has increased in all the branches of industry processing
agricultural raw materials. Even the extremely bad weather
conditions for agriculture in 1 972 had little influence on this
process. At the same time, the rise in the capital intensive¬
ness in processing branches exceeded by 1.5-2-fold its
growth in agriculture, which indicates intensification of
integrational processes in the agroindustrial complex.
Thus the matrices of coefficients of full costs of the
intersector balances of the social product and of fixed
capital allow us to study thorou^ly the closeness of
intersector production relations, to divide up the
national economy into blocks of interrelated sectorson
the basis of the principle of the “nucleus of thecomplex,”
and to analyze the directions in specialization of regional
intersector systems and other aspects of the formation of
complexes.
The study of intersector complexes on the principle of
the “objective” is based on using as the criteria of
their formation the purposes in the national econoiny
for which the end product is used. This approach, in
our opinion, is most appropriate to the period of
restructuring the economy in the direction of an
intensive development strategy and attainment of
high end results from the standpoint of the national
economy.
There are several stages in the algorithm to deter¬
mine the sectoral composition and volume of out¬
put of complexes. Depending on the problems of the
study, in the initial stage consumption funds and
funds for nonproduction consumption of the end
product are divided among several purposes. One of
the examples of this kind of division is given in the
block diagram. The physical form of each of the
purposes may be represented in this case in the form
of a group of specialized branches expressing the
end result of the functioning of the particular
complex.(3)
In the next stage the sector-claimants producing subjects
of labor for the specialized part to the end product of this
complex are identified. The calculation is made accord¬
ing to this formula
X| - (E - A)-lZk., (1)
in which X^—— vector of the volume of gross product required to realize
the k-th specialized result of production;
— vector of the volume of the end product characterizing the
result in fulfilling the specific purpose;
(E - A)”^ — ^matrix of coefficients of full material costs.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
NATIONAL ECONOMY
6
ojf - ! X|/X, (2)
In Khlch Xj[^— nolumn o£ production o£ the 1-th sector expended In
production of that portion of the end product of the k-th
complex that goes to serve the objective;
total volume of gross output of the 1-th sector;
X| — ^volume of the gross social product expended to produce the
portion of the end product of the k-th complex that goes
to serve the objective;
X— total volume of the gross social product.
The sector-claljDant belongs In the given complex if ct£ > 1,
xg = (E - A)-lNk, (3)
in which — ^vector of the volume of gross product necessary for
expanded reproduction of the k-th specialized complex;
Nk — vector of accumulation and replacement of retirement of
fixed capital of sectors Included In the k-th complex In
the previous stage.
The coefficient for sectors not Included In the complex In the first
stage Is calculated once again for final determination of the makeup of
the complex:
^i = : (x^ + xi[)/x.
This calculation yields the volume of output of the gross
product of various sectors to produce that portion of the
end product of the complex being studied which serves
its particular purpose. Sectors directly related to this
complex are determined according to Formula (2) above.
Capital-forming sectors are selected to study the repro¬
ductive aspects of the functioning of the complex for the
set of sectors singled out in the second stage. For the
sectors included in the comlex the volume and physical
composition of accumulation and replacement of retire¬
ment of fixed capital are calculated along with the
growth of the elements of working capital.
Then we compute the volume of the gross output of the
sector that goes to maintain existing capacities and to
expand the production of the product of the complex,
using Formula (3) above.
In the final stage the resource-producing, processing, and
capital-forming sectors are brought together to comprise
the unified intersector complex.
Since a particular sector may be assigned to only one of
the intersector complexes, it is advisable for division of
the national economy into complexes to begin with-
breaking down the end product among the most impor¬
tant directions of use and then moving on to the iterative
process we have described. This approach makes it
possible in each iteration to compare the share of the
gross output that pertains to the various complexes. Here
the decision to place the i-th branch in the k-th complex
is taken only if
3^ > ef > . . . > Bf
(k, r, s — numbers of complexes).
We have used the methodological principles set forth in
calculations of the principal indicators of the agroindus¬
trial complex of one of the economic regions of RSFSR
on the basis of the intersector balance.
It is well known that the functional purpose of the APK
is the fullest satisfaction of the needs of the public for
foodstuffs, clothing, footwear, and other consumer goods
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
NATIONAL ECONOMY
7
derived from agricultural raw materials. On the basis of
this definition all the sectors of light industry and the
food industry and also agriculture for the following
directions of use of the end product: personal and social
consumption, exports to other republics, and other
expenditures.
These elements made up the portion of the end product
of the APK related to its specific purpose. In the next
stage accumulations of fixed and working capital,
replacement of fixed capital retired, and major repairs of
fixed capital, i.e., the portion of the end product of the
APK that goes for reproduction, were calculated for
these sectors. For purposes of comparison an analogous
calculation was made in accordance with the method
and the sectoral makeup adopted in USSR Goskomstat.
The structural characteristics of the end product calcu¬
lated by the two methods are given (in percentages) in
Table 3,
It is evident from the figures in Table 3 that in the
structure of the end product calculated according to the
proposed method the share of the portion for the spe¬
cialized purpose, taking exports into account, amounted
to 82.1 percent of its total volume, or 3.3 percentage
points more than according to the accepted method. The
share of the output of the complex in the total volume of
the end product and especially in the consumption fund
is considerably higher (by 21 points). In other words, the
proposed method reflects more vividly the specific ori¬
entation of the APK toward an objective and its role in
the republic’s economy.
On the whole, the volume of the end product of a
complex calculated according to the method proposed is
37 percent higher than the volume computed according
to the accepted method, including a 39-percent differ¬
ence for the portion applied to the specific purpose, 16
percent for the reproductive portion, and 2.2-fold for
exports.
In the last stage, after the matrix of coefficients of full
material costs has been multiplied by the vector of the
end product of the complex, the final sectoral composi¬
tion of the APK was determined. The calculation showed
that on the average about a fourth of the value of the
output in the complex went for production of the end
product of the sectors of the complex related to the
particular purpose and to their expanded reproduction.
This level was exceeded only by a small portion of the
sectors, and they were included in the composition of the
first sphere of the APK. By contrast with the accepted
sectoral composition, production of wooden and paper
containers, chemical fibers and filament (as a resource
supplementing agricultural raw materials for light indus¬
try), and equipment for light industry were included in
the complex. All of these sectors were included only in
the volume of deliveries of output to the complex. In
addition, by contrast with the accepted method, the
volume of capital construction was reduced by the value
of construction of facilities in the first sphere of the APK
and rural construction of nonproduction projects. Tim¬
ber and lumber is an industry that was left out of the
complex since it has no relations with it.
Table 3
Relative Share of Output of APK in Structure of End Product of APK
Total Volume of End Product
Indicator
According to
By Author’s
According to
By Author’s
Accepted Method
Method
Accepted Method
Method
End product of
APK-^ total
Breakdown:
34
47
lOO.O
100.0
Consumption fund
(portion of end
product that goes
for particular pur¬
pose)
54
75
74.2
75.2
Funds for accumu¬
lation and replace¬
ment of retired
assets (portion of
end products for
reproduction)
Further
breakdown:
20
23
21.2
17.9
For first sphere of
APK
42
—
1.5
—
For second sphere
of APK
99
99
12.6
9.2
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
8
NATIONAL ECONOMY
Table 3
Relative Share of Output of APK in Total Vol- Structure of End Product of APK
ume of End Product
Indicator
According to
Accepted Method
By Author’s
Method
According to
Accepted Method
By Author’s
Method
End product of
APK — total
34
47
100.0
100.0
For third sphere
of APK
85
88
6.3
6.6
For APK as a
whole
86
82
20.4
15.8
For sectors not
part of APK
1
4
0.8
2.1
Export
10
20
4.6
6.9
As a result of the calculation made the value of output of
the complex turned out to be 33 percent higher than
when it was calculated according to the accepted meth¬
od, the size of the labor force was 23 percent greater, and
the value of fixed productive capital was 23 percent
greater.
Thus the proposed methodological principles and meth¬
ods procedures make it possible to use the intersector
balance to discover the most stable intersector produc¬
tion relations and to make a comprehensive study of the
process whereby the complexes take shape. In our opin¬
ion, it will help to increase the scientific soundness of the
structural restructuring of the economy and will contrib¬
ute to more thorough work on the comprehensive
national economic target programs.
Footnotes
1. See, for example, M.Ya. Lemeshev and A.I. Panchenko,
“Kompleksnyye programmy planirovaniya narodnogo
khozyaystva” [Comprehensive National Economic Plan¬
ning Program], Moscow, Ekonomika, 1973, p 40.
2. The coefficient Kj was first proposed by E, Yershov,
but its content was treated differently. See E.B. Yershov,
“Mathematical Methods in a Static Model of the Inter-
sector Balance,” in the book “Metody planirovaniya
mezhotraslevykh proportsiy” [Methods of Planning
Intersector Proportions], Moscow, Ekonomika, 1965, pp
42-45.
3. V.M. Masakov has also recommended that the group
of specialized sectors be identified in the initial stage of
the study, but the algorithm for determining the sectoral
composition of complexes differs fundamentally from
the one we have proposed. See V.M.Masakov, “Sotsia-
listicheskoye proizvodstvo: otraslevaya struktura i dina-
mika” [Socialist Production: Sectoral Structure and
Dynamic Behavior], Novosibirsk, Nauka, pp 30-34.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatelstvo “Finansy i statistika”, 1987
07045/08309
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
AGRICULTURE
9
AGRO-ECONOMIC^ POLICY,
ORGANIZATION
Family, Private Plot Contract Application
Proposed
18240360 Moscow EKONOMIKA SELSKOGO
KHOZYAYSTVA in Russian No 8, Aug 87 pp 90-95
[Unattributed material under the rubric “Official Mate¬
rials”: “Recommendation for the Employment of the
Family and Individual Contract in Agriculture”]
[Text] Below are the Recommendations for the Employ¬
ment of the Family and Individual Contract in Agricul¬
ture that have been approved by the USSR State Agro-
Industrial Committee and the USSR State Committee on
Labor and Social Problems and have been coordinated
with the All-Union Central Trade-Union Council
1. General Provisions
1.1. The family and individual contract can be employed
on kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other agricultural enter¬
prises in all sectors of agricultural production.
1.2. Kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other agricultural enter¬
prises conclude agreements with families or individual
parties for the production of products or the fulfillment
of individual agricultural operations (Supplement 1).
The agreement is signed on behalf of the farm adminis¬
tration (customer) by the manager or another authorized
official, and on behalf of the contractor by all members
of the family that are taking on obligations under the
agreement. The family signifies a designated contractor
to carry out mutual relations with the customer.
1.3. Kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other agricultural enter¬
prises conclude agreements for family and individual
contracts with the workers and employees of other
enterprises and organizations, people taking courses and
students when they have a certificate of release from
their place of work or study that is issued by a commu¬
nal-housing or other executive committee of the local
Soviet of People’s Deputies in the place of residence.
Kolkhozes that conclude an agreement with another
farm present a certificate that affirms the consent of the
board of the farm for travel to work at other farms.
1.4. The assignment of the fulfillment of the work
stipulated by the agreement to outside parties, enter¬
prises or organizations is not permitted.
2. Contractual Obligations
2.1. An agreement for a family (individual) contract can
be concluded for the production of agricultural products
and the fulfillment of certain types of work.
2.2. The amount of products (work) produced is deter¬
mined by the customer in concert with the executors.
2.3. Material and technical supply for the executor will
be carried out by the customer. The customer herein can
allocate and secure for the executor during the effective
period of the agreement for the fulfillment of the pro¬
duction program envisaged in the agreement: individual
plots of land, crops (plantings), hayflelds, pastures and
other types of land; full crop rotation; multi-year plant¬
ing; livestock; animal-husbandry and other productive
accommodations; tractors, trucks, other agricultural
technology and equipment and sowing and planting
material; feeds; fertilizers; pesticides and chemicals;
implements, fuels, lubricants and other materials essen¬
tial to fulfill the assignment.
2.4. The cost of the material and technical resources is
determined in prices and by a procedure stipulated in the
contract.
2.5. The contractor may make use any structures, tools
and transport belonging to him to fulfill the production
program. The farm, where necessary, renders him assis¬
tance under established procedure in the construction
and equipping of accommodations for the maintenance
of livestock and poultry; allots transport and technical
equipment; renders services in cultivating the plot of
land and the procurement and delivery of feeds; and,
provides veterinary support for the livestock and poultry
that are handed over for upkeep using his own manpow¬
er. The farm, at the request of the contractor, grants him
an advance through USSR Gosbank credit for acquiring
materials and small-scale mechanization equipment
essential for production. Materials allotted by the cus¬
tomer and the cost of services are paid for by the
customer.
3. Material Incentives
3.1. Compensation for the labor of the contractor is
made by the customer in the form of payments for
products produced or work fulfilled or in the form of
procurements of the products produced by the contrac¬
tor. The form and size of the compensation is stipulated
in the agreement.
3.2. Payments for the products of cultivation and animal
husbandry can be made: according to valuations per unit
(value) of the product produced with a regard for its
quality and delivery deadlines, according to standards
(valuations) for the gross income received by the con¬
tractor or according to the standard cost of the products
produced. Payment in kind is made under a procedure
established by existing provisions.
3.3. The standard product cost includes the value of all
material expenditures, customer services and the wage
payments fund. The wage payment fund is calculated in
accordance with the procedure stipulated for permanent
sovkhoz workers according to the provisions of wage
payments approved on kolkhozes. The value of material
resources is determined according to plan accounting
prices.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
10
AGRICULTURE
The standard cost is used to determine the total value of
the agricultural products produced and given over to the
customer. The difference between this amount and the
value of the material expenditures made and services
rendered is paid to the contractor as compensation for
the ultimate results of labor.
3.4. Compensation in the form of procurements of
products produced is employed in calculations with the
contractors with which the ratio is established for the
“Standard Agreement for the Cultivation in the Private
Subsidiary Plots of Citizens of Livestock and Poultry
Belonging to the Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes and Other Agri¬
cultural Enterprises” as approved by USSR Minselkhoz
[Ministry of Agriculture], USSR Minfin [Ministry of
Finance], USSR Minzag [Ministo^ of Grain Products]
and the USSR TsSU [Central Statistical Administration]
of 12 Mar 81, Nos 151-6.
3.5. Before the calculations for the products, the contrac¬
tor may be paid an advance against the payments for the
ultimate results of the work. The size of the advance and
the time periods for paying it should be stipulated in the
agreement, but in such a manner that it does not exceed
the wage fund calculated for the worker according to the
wage scales.
4. Responsibility for Observing the Terms of the
Agreement
4.1. The contractor and the customer bear mutual
responsibility, including material responsibility, for the
observance of the terms of the contract as fixed in the
agreement.
The contractor answers for: the production of the
amount of work and the agricultural products by type
and quality in the stipulated time periods as envisaged
by the agreement; the rational utilization and preserva¬
tion of fixed capital, animals, seeds, feeds, fuel, power
and other material resources and the observance of
requirements for labor and equipment safety.
The customer answers for: for the provision of material
and technical resources, equipment, tools, seeds, feeds,
fertilizers, and pesticides and chemicals for agricultural
Description of products with indication of qualitative param¬
eters
crops and livestock and the rendering of timely agrarian,
zoological and veterinary assistance in accordance with
the agreement that has been concluded.
4.2. In the event of the customer’s failure to fulfill his
obligations that leads to a decline in the yield of the
agricultural crops and productivity of the animals, the
loss of crops and plague among animals, disruption of
the fulfillment of stipulated assignments by the contrac¬
tor, decline in the quality of products or work or the
overconsumption of feeds or other material resources,
the contractor has the right to make a claim against the
customer. The procedure for reviewing it and the size of
recompense to the contractor for losses is defined in the
agreement.
4.3. The responsibility of the contractor for failure to
fulfill contract obligations and causing material loss to
the farm is implemented under the procedure envisaged
in the agreement, as well as in accordance with existing
legislation.
Supplement 1
[Note: “ - ” denotes blank spots for filling in
questionnaire]
Acceptance Agreement for a Family (Individual)
Contract for the Production of Agricultural
Produce (Work)
The kolkhoz, sovkhoz (state agricultural enterprise):
- (name), ofrayon,oblast(kray,ASSR), republic:
herein called the “customer,” in the person of
- (position, last, first and middle names)
on the one hand, and the family consisting of (the
agreement may be concluded by workers (kolkhoz work¬
ers) for the production of produce (work) in the basic
worktime, workers of the given farm or other enterprise
and organization for the production of produce (work) in
time off from work, retired people, students and
housewives): -
herein called the “contractor,” on the other hand, have
concluded this agreement on the following:
1. The customer proposes, and the contractor accepts,
the obligation: 1.1. To produce agricultural products on
the following scale:
19— (year) 19— 19— 19— 19—
[space provided for 4 responses]
To Carry Out Agricultural Operations:*
Type of work Unit of measurement Amount Time periods
[Space provided for 5 responses]
‘ Filled in upon conclusion of the agreement for the fulfillment of individual agricultural operations (cycles).
JPRS.UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
11
AGRICULTURE
1.2. To hand over to the customer all of the products
produced or all work to be submitted to the designated
recipient of the work.
1.3. To make efficient use of the land, animals, agricul¬
tural equipment and other means of production.
1 .4. To observe the rules for the operation of equipment,
veterinary requirements, rules for equipment safety and
the protection of the environment. Not to permit the
pollution of the environment or violations of the rules of
land use.
1.5. To ensure the preservation of all of the productive
facilities, animals, equipment, technology, implements,
tools, materials and products produced that are trans¬
ferred to him under the agreement.
1.6. To make timely declaration of the containers or
transport granted - or the designation of the
commission for accepting work.
1.7. To account for expenditures and product removals.
1.8. Not to permit the attraction of the services of
outside organizations, the rental of machinery, mecha¬
nisms, equipment, the assignment to other parties of the
fulfillment of work stipulated in the contract.
1.9. To fulfill other requirements of the customer asso¬
ciated with the realization of his obligations under this
agreement.
2. The customer is obliged:
2.1. To transfer to the contractor the basic means of
production according to the document for the period the
agreement is in effect.
2.2. To provide the contractor with the essential material
and technical resources in the amounts, at the prices and
in the time periods corresponding to Supplement 1 .
2.3. Render to the contractor production, transport and
other services in amounts, at prices and in time periods
corresponding to Supplement 2.
2.4. Create the essential domestic
andliving conditions: -
2.5. Provide consulting on issues of technology, mecha¬
nization, economy and the organization of production
and wage payments; provide the necessary analyses and
veterinary support.
2.6. Provide for labor safety, instruction in equipment
safety, fire protection, as well as issue protective attach¬
ments, special clothing and special footwear in accor¬
dance with norms.
2.7. Receive the products produced and work done from
the contractor in timely fashion.
2.8. Organize the training of the contractor on issues of
organization and wage payments, technology and the
mechanization of production.
2.9. Provide an accounting of expenditures and product
removals according to the indicators necessary to calcu¬
late material compensation.
2.10. In essential cases, at the request of the contractor,
designate a replacement in case of illness, as well as the
paid vacation of the contractor from the compensation
due him.
2.1 1. Material compensation for the contractor for the
products produced or work done in the following man¬
ner and on the following scale: [7 lines left for responses]
2. 1 2. Determine the economy (excess) of direct expendi¬
tures on the products actually produced proceeding from
the agreed-upon limit for direct expenditures per unit of
product according to Supplement 3 (filled in in cases
where the material compensation is made according to
valuations per unit of product).
2.13. For contractors that are workers of the
sovkhoz (kolkhoz): (last, first and middle names) [2 lines
left for responses]
the material compensation due them according to the
final calculations, but no greater than 3 wage scales with
a regard for the time worked, to pay into their personal
accounts as wages, for which the stipulated supplemental
payments for the skill classification and tenure by spe¬
cialty on the given farm are deducted, for work in the
regions of the Far North and regions equivalent to it, a
regional factor is employed and payments are made on
the general basis of bonuses from the material-incentives
fund. Their work time according to the agreement is
calculated in continuous tenure by specialty on the given
farm for deducting pensions, disability stipends, vaca¬
tion pay and other instances stipulated by law.
3, General issues.
3.1. The contractor independently resolves all issues in
the organization of labor, the working and leisure regi¬
men, accounting for the labor contribution of family
members to the overall results of the labor and the
distribution of the family earnings.
3.2. Taking into account the specific nature of the family
contract, the parties agree that payments for overtime
work or for weekly rest days are not made to the
contractor.
3.3. The reworking or correction of work that is done
through the fault of the contractor who digresses from
agrarian or veterinary requirements is done at the
expense of the contractor.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
3.4. The effect of this agreement is extended to the whole
period of the production of agricultural products (work)
envisaged in Clause 1.1.
3.5. The customer has the right to abrogate the agree¬
ment in the event of the contractor’s failure to fulfill the
obligations he has taken on under Clauses 1.1 -1.9.
3.6. The customer abrogates the agreement upon discov¬
ery of theft of products. In this case, material compen¬
sation for the ultimate results is not made.
3.7. The contractor has the right to abrogate the agree¬
ment in the event of the customer’s failure to fulfill the
obligations he has taken on in Clause 2.
3.8. The contractor has the right to make a claim against
the customer if the failure to fulfill the obligations he
took on himself led to a decline in the yield of agricul¬
tural crops, the productivity of animals, the loss of seed
Supplement 1 to Sample Agreement
12 AGRICULTURE
or animals or the overconsumption of material resourc¬
es. In the event the claim is accepted, the customer
compensates the contractor for damages in the following
manner and on the following scale: - [5 lines left
for response]
3.9. The contractor answers by way of a reduction in the
size of compensation, as well as recompense for material
damages, for a failure to fulfill the obligations he has
taken on himself in the following manner and on the
following scale: - [3 lines left for response]
3.10. The designated contractor for the family
is - (last, first and middle name)
3.11. Disputes between the customer and the contractor
that arise in the course of the execution of obligations
under the agreement are considered in legal proceedings.
3. 1 2. This agreement consists of three copies: 2 copies to
the customer and 1 to the contractor.
The — of - , 19 — .
Customer - Contractor - (signatures)
Material and Technical Supply for the Contractor
Type measurment Unit of provision Time of Amount Price (rub.-kop.)
[6 lines left for responses]
The - of - , 1 9 — .
Customer - (signature) - Contractor - (signature)
Supplement 2 to Sample Agreement
Obligations of the Customer in Rendering Production, Transport and Other Services to the Contractor
Type measurement Unit of Times Amount (rub.-kop.) Price
The - of - , 19 —
Customer - (signature) - Contractor - (signature)
Supplement 3 to Sample Agreement
Product description
Limit of Direct Expenditures per Unit of Product Output
Unit of measurement - Expenditure limit -
total — including-
[Space left for 6 responses]
The - of - , 1 9 — .
Customer - (signature) - Contractor - (signature)
COPYRIGHT: VO “Agropromizdat”, “Ekonomika sels- 1282 1
kogo khozyaystva”, 1987.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
TRANSPORTATION
13
CIVIL AVIATION
Discussion, Diagrams of Wide-Body 11-96-300
81442273 Moscow KRYLYA RODINY in Russian No 7,
Jul 87 pp 34-35
[Article by engineer A. Shakhnovich: “The Aircraft of
the 12th Five- Year Plan”]
[Text] Aircraft with the letters “11” on the fuselage hold a
prominent place in domestic and world aviation. In half a
century of creative work, the collective of the Experimental
Design Bureau imeni Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin — its
organizer and manager for many years^-developed a large
family of aircraft for the country’s Air Forces and civil
aviation. All the piston, turboprop and jet aircraft of this
0KB [experimental design bureau] have one characteristic
in common — high efficiency and reliability.
Some History
Solution of this main problem — providing the country with
a reliable, efficient aircraft, one that is technologically
efficient in production and simple in operation — has been
ensured by an integrated approach to the project planning.
The collective has tried to find the best correlations between
the parameters and characteristics of an aircraft, looked for
efficient solutions persistently and creatively, and main¬
tained close contact with all the institutions and organiza¬
tions taking part in a future aircraft’s development. And this
has ensured the success and long service life of the aircraft.
Even now, 35 and 40 years after they were developed, one
can see short- range piston-driven 11-12 and 11-14 aircraft in
flight. The 11-18, representing the first generation of Soviet
gas turbine airliners, has been the most widely used and
economical turboprop, in service for more than a quarter
century. The 11-62 and 11-6 2M turbojets, which can accom¬
modate from 138 to 186 passengers, depending on the
length of the route, have been flying the longest mainline
routes for 20 years.
The best traditions established during S. V. Ilyushin’s life
are being carefully maintained and developed now in the
0KB under the leadership of his student and successor,
Chief Designer and Academician Genrikh Vasilyevich
Novozhilov.
The First Wide-Bodies
Development of the USSR’s first wide-bodied airliner, the
350- seat 11-86, and its entry into service on several air
routes right away began a new stage of quality in the work of
the 0KB imeni S. V. Ilyushin. The course of events — the
increasing volume of passengers, first of all, especially on
medium-range routes — made it necessary to develop this
aircraft. The use of aircraft with relatively small seating
capacity created real “overcrowding” in the airspace around
airports that were forced to accommodate a large number of
aircraft in short periods of time. In order to alleviate the
dangerous traffic density, an aircraft was required which
could carry as many passengers as two to four aircraft in the
same category.
The 0KB collective developed the new-generation aircraft
in an integrated manner in accordance with tradition, taking
into account the increased requirements for its reliability,
economic efficiency, and quality of passenger service. They
made the most of the experience in developing and operat¬
ing previous aircraft and the latest achievements in aviation
science and technology and production engineering, every¬
thing advanced that was available in domestic aircraft
manufacturing. A series of studies and experiments was
carried out in the stages of preliminary design work in
collaboration with scientific organizations, particularly with
the TsAGI [Central Aerodynamics Institute imeni N. Ye.
Zhukovskiy] and the future component suppliers. On the
basis of them they determined the basic design of the
airliner and its configuration, using the “carry-on baggage
plus containers” system, and its dimensions, weight and
flight characteristics. The atmosphere of creativity and
active search for the best design solutions, confirmed by 1 30
patents, contributed to successful resolution of the problems
of safety, reliability, and operating efficiency.
The Long-Range Mainline Wide-Body
Enriched by experience in the design, construction, and
regular operation of its first wide-body, the medium-range
11-86, the 0KB imeni S. V. Ilyushin began development of
its “younger brother,” the long-range 11-96-300 wide-body.
This aircraft of the near future is designed to carry 300
passengers, baggage and cargo with a combined weight of up
to 40 tons on domestic mainline routes of 4,000 to 9,000
kilometers with the heaviest passenger flows. It is also
planned for use on routes of up to 1 1 ,000 kilometers with a
change in the number of cabin seats. At first it will help on
the long-distance mainlines, and later it will replace the
11-62, which has been operated on them since 1967.
The 11-96-300 is a cantilever monoplane with a sweptback
low wing. It resembles the 11-86 on the exterior. The fuselage
is the same diameter (6.08 meters), but it is 5 meters shorter.
The latest methods of calculation and technological achieve¬
ments have been incorporated in its design, improving the
aircraft’s technical characteristics, performance, reliability
and flight safety. Its overall mass has been reduced and the
quality of its exterior surface has been improved.
Special research and experiments conducted by the 0KB
collective, together with TsAGI specialists, helped in
designing a supercritical wing with a high aspect ratio and
vertical wingtips, which increase its lift-to-drag ratio. A
number of steps were carried out to improve component
aerodynamics. In particular, the number of joints was
reduced to a minimum by using long panels.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
14
TRANSPORTATION
Three-View Depiction of the 11-96-300
Specifications
Engines, in ions 4x16
Maximum number of passengers 300
Maximum payload, in ions 40
Operalional range with 30-lon payload and fuel reserve, in 9,000
kilometers
Operational range with 15-ton payload and fuel reserve, in 1 1,000
kilometers
Mass of equipped aircraft, in tons 1 17
Takeoff mass, in tons 216
Cruising speed, in kilometers per hour 850-900
Takeoff distance required, in meters 2,600
Landing distance required, in meters 1,980
Landing approach speed, in kilometers per hour 260
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
TRANSPORTATION
15
The best arrangement was found to couple the wing to the
fuselage and the engine nacelle pylons. The wing is fitted
with efficient high-lift devices: slats extending the entire
length of the span, double-slotted inboard flaps and single-
slotted outer flaps. Lateral controls — inboard ailerons and
spoilers — also were installed in the wing. Combined with
the extensive use of more durable metal alloys, composition
materials and honeycomb structures, with which the wing’s
leading and trailing edge assemblies and the doors to the
landing gear compartments are made, this has made it
possible to develop a wing with a high level of aerodynamic
and weight efficiency.
The new aircraft has a tail assembly of the customary
configuration. The horizontal section is the same as on the
11-86, but the vertical section is larger as the result of an
increase in height of 1.5 meters. This was done to improve
directional stability when one engine fails in flight.
In developing the airframe, the operating loads were care¬
fully analyzed, the stress and strain of the structure were
simulated with a computer, and the distribution of forces
was optimized. This made it possible to reduce the aircraft’s
weight and ensure its long service life.
The landing gear of the 11-96-300 consists of three main
struts with 12 wheels positioned behind the aircraft’s center
of mass and a forward strut with two wheels in the fuselage
nose section. All the wheels are the same size — 130 by 48
centimeters — with tire pressure of 11.5 kilograms per
square centimeter. This landing gear will enable the aircraft
to use the majority of airfields with paved runways.
Four D-90AN turbofan engines with a high-bypass ratio,
developed by the collective headed by Chief Designer P. A.
Solovyev, are suspended on pylons under the wing. They are
special because of their low specific fuel consumption in
cruise mode, low noise factor, and automated control sys¬
tem. Each one has a takeoff thrust of 16 tons. The fuel
system on the Il-96-300was developed separately and oper¬
ates automatically. Each engine is supplied from the feed
compartment of its own tank. The compartments are con¬
tinuously replenished with fuel transferred to them by jet
pumps which are practically trouble-free. The aircraft has
nine basic torsion-box integral tanks — four in each outer
wing section and one in the wing center section.
In Any Weather, Over Any Terrain...
The selection, development and installation of functional
systems (there are backups of the most important ones) were
subordinate to the achievement of a high level of safety and
reliability for the aircraft and its economic efficiency and
technical perfection. The majority of those on the 11-96-300
are more refined than those that now exist. The new
flight-control and navigation equipment complex with a
cathode-ray tube indication system provides for practically
full automation of all-weather navigation over any areas in
the world and operation under ICAO [International Civil
Aviation Organization] Category III (Footnote: Provides for
descent and automatic landing without ground visibility);
the crew consists of just three persons — the commander,
copilot, and flight engineer. The introduction of such a
complex will reduce crew fatigue and improve safety and
flight regularity.
The use of more efficient functional systems has made it
possible to significantly reduce the aircraft’s mass, increase
the level of flight automation, and ensure efficiency and
safety in operation. The systems installed in the 11-96-300
serve to achieve this objective: a remotely-controlled system
for flying the aircraft “in accordance with the forces,” an
automated system for controlling the high-lift devices, and
an integrated system for presenting flight data and informa¬
tion on the operation of all systems on color displays in the
cockpit.
The cockpit was designed so that the flight engineer can
remain in front of the central console between the aircraft
commander and the copilot throughout an entire flight. Use
of the latest automated and electronic facilities has made
such an arrangement possible.
Data displays and units for controlling on-board systems are
located in a relatively small area on the instrument panel,
the central console and the overhead panel. Information on
the operation of on-board systems and the flight-control and
navigation status is provided in fully processed form and
excludes the possibility of erroneous interpretation. In addi¬
tion, the “dark cockpit” principle has been utilized for rapid
and timely perception of information; throughout a fli^t,
under normal conditions and when on-board systems are
functioning accurately, there are no warning signals on the
panels and consoles except those which report that systems
which operate temporarily have been turned on (a blue
light).
The most advanced data display facilities ensure an expe¬
ditious change in the type of information determined by
flight modes and maintenance of the minimum capacity
needed for each of these modes. The information content of
the warning and indicator system nad the clearness with
which the data are presented have been improved through
the use of coded lighting. The list of indicating instruments
on the 11-96-300 has been reduced by a factor of three.
The 11-96-300 has two decks. Like the 11-86, it is designed to
operate in two versions, a 300-seat tourist version and a
combined version. The tourist version is the basic one. Seats
are positioned in the cabins in three rows of 9 seats each
with two aisles. The forward cabin holds 66 passengers and
234 are accommodated in the aft cabin. The cabins are
equipped with a video and sound system. The seats have
adjustable backs and arm rests which fold back. A small
individual table, a fan, and earphones for listening to music
programs have been provided. On a long flight, the passen¬
gers will be provided with two meals. A galley and kitchen
complex has been provided for this on the lower deck.
COPYRIGHT: “Krylya Rodiny”, 1987
8936
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
16
TRANSPORTATION
KoMflONOsa cwioNoa.
Arrangement of Cabins: Tourist Class for 300 seats, Seat Installation Spacing 870 Millimeters
Key:
Bottom, left to right: toilet, coat closet, elevator, flight attendants’ position (10);
Top, left to right: galley counter, unit for flight attendants’ personal effects, toilet to accommodate 6 persons.
Both cabins have fixed coat closets designed for use in the summer. In the cold season, additional closets will be
installed by rmoving seats. In the combined version for 235 seats, it is planned to divide the upper deck into three
cabins, with 22 seats in the first one, 40 in the second, and 173 in the third cabin. Additional galley and kitchen
equipment will be palced between the first and second cabins.
Two large compartments on the lower deck have been set aside for cargo in standard containers, six in the forward
compartment and 10 in the aft compartment. If all seats are filled on the upper deck, passengers baggage will be
carried in nin containers, and mail and priority cargo will be carried in seven of them. The third compartment on the
lower deck is basically intended for so-called “individual” items of cargo not in containers.
Before very long, the country’s aviation enterprises will be receiving the new comfortable and economically efficient
aircraft, which are ready to accommodate thousands of passengers.
1
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
17
TRANSPORTATION
Key:
1. Nose cone 2. Lower section of cockpit 3. Canopy 4. Access door 5. Cargo hatch 6. Galley-kitchen door
7. Fuselage nose section (frames 7-40) 8. Fuselage middle section (frames 40-67) 9. Fuselage tail section
10« Forward fin fairing 11. Fin compartment 12. Fin 13. Rudder 14. VSU [Auxiliary power plant]
compartment 15. Elevators 16. Stabilizer 17. Pressurized end plate 18. Inboard flaps (double- slotted)
1 9. Braking flaps 20. Inboard aileron 2 1 . Spoilers 22. Middle and outer flaps (single-slotted) 23. Fairings for
flap guide rails 24. Outboard aileron 25. Vertical wingtip 26. Detachable wing torsion box (OChK) 27. Slat
section 28. Leading edge of wing 29. Center wing torsion box (SChK) 30. Wing center section
31. Wing-fuselage fillet 32. Pylon 33. Air intake and engine nacelle doors 34. Doors to ventral compartment
35. Main landing gear 36. Nose gear 37. Doors to nose gear compartment
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
18
TRANSPORTATION
RAIL SYSTEMS
Rail System Semi-Annual Plan FulOIlment
Moscow GUDOK in Russian 21 July 87 pp 1-3
[TASS item: “The Semi-Annual Results Have Been
Summed Up: A Report From the USSR Central Statis¬
tical Administration”]
[Text] The USSR Central Statistical Administration
Report on the Results in Fulfilling the State Plan for the
Economic and Social Development of the USSR During
the First Six Months of 1987 says that the country’s
workers — in carrying out the decisions of the January
1987 CPSU Central Committee Plenum — have joined
in the restructuring process more and more actively.
As a result of the adoption of additional measures and
the expansion of the application of advanced forms for
the management, organization and stimulation of labor,
the shortfall, which was tolerated at the beginning of the
year, managed to be basically overcome during the
second quarter, the intensity of work raised, and a
further growth in public production and the Soviet
people’s standard of living insured during the six months
on the whole. During the first half of 1987, industry
achieved the production growth rates that had been
provided for in the calculations for the plan for this time
frame. The productivity of social labor grew by 2.3
percent when compared with the first half of 1986, and by
3.5 percent during the second quarter; the produced
national income increased by 2.4 and 3.6 percent,
respectively.
The entire increase (14 billion rubles) in industrial
output was obtained based on the increase in labor
productivity. A total of 2.8 billion more rubles of fixed
capital was commissioned from state capital investments
than during the first half of last year.
The increase in the people’s prosperity is continuing.
The average monthly wage of workers and employees
increased by 2.8 percent; the payment for the labor of
kolkhoz members — by four percent; and payments and
benefits to the population from public consumption
funds — by 3.9 billion rubles. More housing valued at
5.1 million square meters was constructed.
However, restructuring is only just coming around in
many sectors of the national economy; the shortfall,
which was tolerated at the beginning of the year in the
work of a number of branches, was overcome slowly —
especially in machine building, rail transport and con¬
struction. The problem of satisfying the population’s
growing demand for goods and services remains an acute
one. The retail trade plan was not fulfilled. The foreign
trade turnover volume was reduced by four percent. The
planned rates of increase in national income were not
achieved.
During the first half of the year, 16.5 billion rubles of
state capital investments, or 10 percent more than dur¬
ing the corresponding period of last year, were used for
the reconstruction and technical reequipping of the
national economy.
The development and organization of the production of
new systems for automating production in accordance
with the Complex Program for the Scientific and Tech¬
nical Progress of the CEMA Member Countries to the
Year 2000 were carried out.
Products, corresponding to the world technical level,
exceeded 40 percent of the production volume of the
most important types of machine building products. The
machine building ministries realized the plan for mas¬
tering the production of new generation equipment by 79
percent.
The first practical results of the activity of the inter¬
branch scientific and technical complexes for technically
equipping the national economy’s branches were
obtained. A number of important indicators of scientific
and technical progress were improved in the branch
complexes. However, the scales of using basic technology
in industry grew at slow tempos.
On kolkhozes and sovkhozes, grain and leguminous
crops, which are being cultivated using intensive tech¬
nologies, have been sown on 35.3 million hectares for the
1987 harvest.
Exactingness toward product quality was increased.
State acceptance, which has been introduced at 1,500
enterprises, each month rejected 90 million rubles of
products on the average, or 0,8 percent of the produced
items. Products totalling approximately 40 million
rubles were once and for all rejected as defective during
the first half of the year.
The necessary attention is not being paid to the timely
assimilation of capacities. On the average, capacities
were used 82 percent. As a result of the shortfall in
assimilating and using capacities, products totalling 500
million rubles were not received.
Approximately 7 million tons of fuel equivalents, 0.9
million tons of ferrous rolled metal and more than 1
million tons of cement were saved. The drawing of
secondary resources into the economic turnover was
expanded.
At many enterprises, economic work is being intensified,
the practice of establishing direct long-term economic
ties is being expanded, and delivery discipline is being
strengthened.
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
19
TRANSPORTATION
The assets, which are being allotted for the social devel¬
opment of labor collectives, are being mastered better
than during the first half of last year. However, the
advantages of the new economic mechanism, full cost
accounting and self-financing are still not being fully
realized.
In a number of enterprises, a tense financial situation has
taken shape in connection with the failure to fulfill
delivery obligations and with the significant sizes of fines
paid. Of the industrial ministries whose enterprises work
under full cost accounting and self-financing conditions,
the profit plan was only fulfilled by the USSR Ministry
of the Automotive Industry. One of the reasons for this
is the slow reduction in production costs.
A total of 76 percent of the industrial enterprises fully
managed their contract obligations.
The output of industrial products grew during the second
quarter by 4.4 percent; and based on the results of the
first six months as a whole — by 3.5 percent, as was
prescribed for this period. The half-year quotas were
fulfilled for the extraction and production of the most
important types of fuel and energy resources. The above¬
plan extraction of oil, including gas condensate, was 3.7
million tons, and that of natural gas — 6.7 billion cubic
meters. In the coal industry, USSR Ministry of Coal
Industry enterprises mined 8.8 million tons of coal
above the plan. At yhe same time, approximately half of
the coal mining associations did not cope with their
contract obligations.
The metallurgical complex enterprises fulfilled the plan
for the production of the main types of items, except for
steel pipes. A total of 338,000 tons of steel and 461,000
tons of prepared rolled products were produced and two
million tons of iron ore were mined above the plan. The
output of products in the assigned assortment —
advanced highly efficient types of metal products that
are primarily needed in machine building — was not
provided for.
In the ministries of the machine building complex, the
output of many types of advanced products was
increased during the first half of the year. At the same
time, a majority of the ministries did not provide for the
fulfillment of planning quotas for the production of the
main types of machinery and equipment. The semi¬
annual plan for the production of rolling, blast-furnace
and smelting equipment; diesel locomotives; freight cars;
large electrical machinery; mainline electric locomo¬
tives; metal-cutting machine tools; and forge press
machinery was not fulfilled. The shortfall in the produc¬
tion of chemical and oil and gas refinery equipment and
equipment for processing polymeric materials was not
overcome.
The planned rates of increase in the production volume
of machine building were not achieved.
In the enterprises of the chemical and lumber complex,
output grew and the fulfillment of the plan for the
production of mineral fertilizer and newsprint was
assured. The production of a number of advanced and
highly efficient types of products was increased. At the
same time, the planned production volumes of synthetic
resin and plastics, including polyvinylchloride and pipes
and pipe-line items made of thermo-softening plastic
material, were not provided for. The plan for the pro¬
duction of sulfuric acid, synthetic ammoniate, caustic
soda, merchantable industrial wood, and lumber was not
fulfilled.
It further says in the USSR Central Statistical Adminis¬
tration report that, during the first half of the year, the
overall volume of consumer goods production (less alco¬
holic beverages) was 141 billion rubles in retail prices;
that was four percent higher than during the first half of
last year. A number of ministries had a shortfall in
fulfilling the plan for the production of consumer goods
in general.
Having fulfilled their quotas for the production of the
main types of products, the USSR Ministry of Light
Industry associations and enterprises failed to deliver to
specific consumers products totalling 0.6 billion rubles
during the first half of the year.
The introduction of the new management mechanism in
the branches of the agroindustrial complex had a posi¬
tive effect on work results. The total output of agricul¬
ture increased by four percent in comparison with the
same period of last year, and labor productivity
increased by five percent in the public farms sector.
Despite the protracted spring, agricultural enterprises
managed the spring field work. Areas sown for the 1987
harvest reached 210.7 million hectares, including 117.6
million hectares sown with grain and leguminous crops.
The areas sown with com, cotton, sunflowers, and
annual grass crops were expanded.
Purchases of hothouse-greenhouse and early open-
ground vegetables was 1.2 million tons during the first
half of the year. This was 1 1 percent less than for the
same period of 1986. The semi-annual plan for deliveries
to the all- union stock of vegetables was fulfilled by 93
percent.
In animal husbandry, the production of meat increased
by seven percent, that of milk — by two percent, and that
of eggs — by three percent when compared with the
corresponding period of last year. The farms of the
Ukrainian, Azerbaijan, Moldavian and Tajik SSRs
reduced milk production.
At the present time, 29 agroindustrial combines and
associations and six agrofirms, which are closely coordi¬
nating the production, procurement, processing, and
sales of agricultural products and which are working on
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
20
TRANSPORTATION
the principles of full cost accounting, are functioning in
the agroindustrial complex. The brigade and family
contract continues to be expanded on kolkhozes and
sovkhozes.
The food industry ente^rises of the agroindustrial com¬
plex produced: 5.9 million tons of meat (industrially
processed); 1.8 million tons of sausage items; 799,000
tons of animal oil; 16.3 million tons of whole milk
products in terms of milk; 2.8 million tons of food and
fish products, including canned fish; 821,000 tons of
margarine products; 1 .6 million tons of vegetable oil; 2.4
million tons of confectionery items; 6.8 billion standard
cans of preserves; 78 million decaliters of mineral water;
and 274 million decaliters of nonalcoholic drinks. In
comparison with the corresponding period of last year,
the output of vodka and liquor items was reduced by 1 9
percent and that of beer — by three percent.
During the half year, fewer tractors, fodder gathering
combines, row reapers, and press crop collectors than
prescribed by the plan were delivered to the agroindus¬
trial complex.
A total of 25 billion rubles of capital investments were
sent to expand the agroindustrial complex, including the
branches that supply agriculture with the means of
production; 20 billion rubles of these went to agriculture.
The commissioning of fixed capital at the expense of
state capital investments was increased by six percent
and reached 48.5 billion rubles, 83 percent of the first
semi-annual plan. A total of 77.2 billion rubles of state
capital investments, or 95 percent of the allocation
established for this period, were assimilated. Their vol¬
ume grew by six percent when compared with the
corresponding period of last year.
The plans for commissioning mainline gas pipelines and
oil and oil product pipelines and the capacities of turbine
power stations and for the production of steel piping,
synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda, lumber, fur¬
niture, and fabric for household linen and underwear
were not fulfilled.
The plan for contract work during the first half of the was
year was fulfilled by 99 percent. The volume of work
grew by five percent and labor productivity increased by
4.3 percent.
However, the USSR Central Statistical Administration
report says that changes did not occur in capital con¬
struction in the direction of considerably increasing the
effectiveness of capital investments and construction.
The time frames for building projects exceed the norm
and the number of projects being simultaneously built
continues to be significant.
The shipping volume (dispatching) of freight using all
types of general use transport reached 6.3 billion tons
and was somewhat more than during the first half of last
year; passenger traffic exceeded 500 billion passenger-
kilometers and grew by 2.4 percent. Freight shipments
and passenger traffic of the individual types of general
use transport are described by the following data:
Shipment (dispatching) of
freight, millions of tons
Rail transport
Sea transport
River Transport
Motor transport
Pipeline transport — oil and
oil products
Gas (USSR Ministry of Gas
Industry)
Passenger traffic, billions of
passenger-kilometers
Rail transport
Air transport
Fulfilled during 1st 6 months
of 1987
1982
121
254
3317
329
270
179
89
Percent of plan fulfillment
98
102
102
100.5
101
102
102
102
1 St six months of 1 987 as % of
1st 6 months of 1986
98
99.4
99
102
103
106
101
104
Rail transport fulfilled the semi-annual plan for shipping
bituminous coal, coke, oil and oil products, ore, cement,
mineral fertilizer and other cargo. The shortfall, which
existed at the beginning of the year was not overcome.
The plan for the overall shipment of cargo was underful¬
filled by 39 million tons, including metalwork, lumber
cargo, granular slag, refractory material, industrial raw
material, molding material, flux, and ferrous metals, A
total of 22 railroads, especially the Volga, West Siberian,
Southeastern, Donetsk, and Kuybyshev, lagged behind
according to this indicator. Labor productivity grew by
6.2 percent. The use of rolling stock worsened. Viola¬
tions of the schedule for freight and passenger trains
were not eliminated. In June alone, 13.8 percent of the
passenger trains (less the suburban ones) arrived at their
destinations late; the average time that a train was late
reached 1.3 hours.Sea transport fulfilled the plan for
transporting cargo overseas by 102 percent. There was a
JPRS-UEA-87-037
29 December 1987
21
TRANSPORTATION
shortfall in dispatching cargo on coastal trips; the
Danube, Azov, Kamchatka, and Caspian steamship
companies did not manage their quotas.
Passenger departures, passenger traffic, and the ship¬
ment of individual goods were lower than planned on
river transport.
Air transport carried 53 million passengers. All admin¬
istrations and production associations in Civil Aviation,
with the exception of the North Caucasus Administra¬
tion, fulfilled the passenger turnover plan. Aerial chem¬
ical operations were conducted on 57 million hectares of
agricultural and forest land.
In motor transport, the ministries of motor transport in
the Uzbek SSR, Moldavian SSR, Turkmen SSR, and the
Ukrainian SSR and the Ministry of Motor Transport and
Highways in the Estonian SSR did not cope with their
quotas for carrying freight.
The income from carrying passengers on general use
buses and in light taxis reached 3.9 billion rubles, or 102
percent of the plan.
The intensity of using trucks was reduced: Their produc¬
tivity in terms of freight carrying capacity tons and
average daily runs fell, and the percentage of empty runs
grew.
Communications enterprises fulfilled the plan for
income from their major activity; compared with the
corresponding period of last year, they were increased by
eight percent.
During the first half year of 1987, 1 18 million workers
and employees were employed in the national economy
— 0.5 percent more than during the first half of last year.
The average monthly monetary pay of workers and
employees reached 200.5 rubles as opposed to 195 rubles
during the corresponding period of last year. Payment
for the work of kolkhoz members in the public farm
sector of the kolkhozes was 1 47 rubles as opposed to 1 42
rubles during the first six months of 1986.
In the production branches of the national economy,
new conditions for paying for labor were introduced
using the assets earned by the labor collective. At the
same time, opportunities for increasing wages at the
expense of this source are being realized slowly. Tariff
rates and position rates of pay were increased for only 1 1
percent of the total number of workers subject to transfer
to the new payment conditions during 1987.
The retail commodity turnover of state and cooperative
trade reached 165.2 billion rubles and grew by 3.2
percent when compared with the corresponding period
of 1 986 in comparable prices. The commodity turnover
plan was not fulfilled both for total volume and without
the sale of alcoholic beverages in general by all the union
republics except the Estonian SSR.
Positive changes in the structure of the retail commodity
turnover were continued — the sale of food items and
nonfood goods increased and that of alcoholic beverages
was reduced. The trade in potatoes and fruit and vege¬
table products was somewhat improved. However, their
variety remains limited.
The strain in supplying the population with meat prod¬
ucts and animal fat remains.
Serious shortcomings exist in satisfying the demand for
industrial items. An acute shortage of footwear is being
experienced.
The population is not being satisfactorily supplied with
construction materials, especially local ones.
The population is being provided with services requiring
payment valued at 25.3 billion rubles; this is 45 percent
of the annual plan. The volume of services has grown by
10.5 percent.
On I July 1987, more than 3,000 cooperatives for the
production of consumer goods, in public catering and for
providing various services to the population were estab¬
lished.
The amounts of housing, social and cultural construction
have grown. Due to state capital investments, 35.1
million square meters of housing area, or 1 7 percent
more than during the first half of 1986, were commis¬
sioned.
The number of hospitals and dispensary and polyclinic
establishments was increased. Along with this, the health
care material and technical base, the quality of medical
services and the supplying of the population with medi¬
cine needs considerable improvement.
The workers of the Soviet Union have greeted with
hearty approval the decisions of the June 1987 CPSU
Central Committee Plenum on radically restructuring
the management of the economy. Preparations are being
made to introduce the USSR Law on State Enterprises
(Associations) and to reorganize the organizational
structure and work of management agencies. The social¬
ist competition of the labor collectives to fulfill the 1987
plan successfully and to greet the 70th anniversary of the
Great October Socialist Revolution in a fitting manner is
being expanded.
8802
END
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